Pennsylvania Budget Facts 2010: Corporate Taxes

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Pennsylvania faces a projected General Fund shortfall of more than $1 billion.  Gov. Rendell proposed a $29 billion budget for FY 2010-11 that increases taxes, including extracting more from Pennsylvania corporations.  This is the eighth in a series of fact sheets on the Pennsylvania state budget.

Corporate taxes in Pennsylvania

  • Pennsylvania collected $1.9 billion from the corporate net income tax inFY  2008-09.  This collection is in addition to the property, sales, payroll, gross receipts, and other additional taxes business pay. 
  • Corporate income taxes cost Pennsylvanians $183 per person, as business taxes are ultimately passed on to consumers and employees, which represents about 2.4% of total state and local government revenues ($7,465 per person) in the state.
  • In 2003, the latest year with available data from the Department of Revenue, 71% of corporate filers had no tax liability.  This number is deceptive:
  • The Commonwealth has the second highest state corporate income tax (behind Iowa, which has more generous deductions and exemptions).  When compounding state and federal corporate taxes, Pennsylvania’s corporate income tax rate is higher than that of every other country.

Governor Rendell’s proposed business tax changes

  • Reducing Pennsylvania’s corporate tax rate from 9.99% to 8.99%.
  • Eliminating the cap on Net Operation Loss (NOL) carry-forwards.
    • Pennsylvania is one of only two states to cap NOL carry-forward. An un-capped model will reduce the fiscal pressures on cyclical companies, i.e., companies with profits some years and major losses in others.
  • Converting to a Single Sales Factor Apportionment.
    • Currently, Pennsylvania’s share of a multi-state corporation’s profits is determined by how much of its sales, payroll, and property is in the state.  The proposed change means corporations would only use the percentage of their sales in Pennsylvania-not the percentage of their employees or buildings-to determine what they owe to the state.
  • Incorporating Mandatory Unitary Combined Reporting (MUCR).
  • While reducing the state’s corporate tax rate and eliminating the cap on NOLs would reduce the tax burden, these gains would be outweighed by MUCR.
    • Gov. Rendell estimates these changes would result in a $67 million corporate tax increase next year, and $167 million more from corporations the following year.

Mandatory Unitary Combined Reporting

  • Mandatory Unitary Combined Reporting (MUCR) treats affiliated businesses (i.e., parents and subsidiaries), engaged in a “unitary business,” as a single group for purposes of determining taxable income.
  • Combined reporting is touted as a way to raise revenue for state government.
    • Proponents claim that MUCR will close tax loopholes, such as the “Delaware loophole,” and force companies to pay their “fair share” of taxes.
    • Supporters also maintain that because other states have implemented combined reporting, Pennsylvania will not be negatively affected.  
  • Combined reporting will complicate the state’s tax system.
    • MUCR requires significant increases in Department of Revenue staff, prolongs audits, appeals, and costly litigation. Due to MUCR, California is still processing tax cases from the 1970s, and GE testified to closing their 1982 California tax return in 2010.
  • Combined reporting could discourage further business investment in Pennsylvania.  
    • A large company with only a small piece of their operation in the state would benefit from closing their Pennsylvania branch to avoid this tax hike.
    • Many southern states, who are competing with Pennsylvania to attract businesses, do not utilize combined reporting. 

Lower business taxes generate economic growth

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For more information on the PA State Budget, visit CommonwealthFoundation.org/Budget.